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Brian Shaffer - opened 4.8.2008

I found this, and I think Brian's body is very close to this dam, which to me could be mistaken as a waterfall.

> Here are the pictures of Clint and Meredith Gale. Sorry it took
> awhile. My mind is not working very well tonight. Randy

6.17.2008

http://www.bonefishgrill.com/

6.21.2008

[8:17:42 PM] Psychic Gale St John says: If alcohol has also been consumed this can saturate the dehydrogenase enzymes and so delays the conversion of 1,4-B into GHB, meaning that 1,4-B takes much longer to take effect and people may re-dose thinking it hasn't done anything, leading to an accidental overdose later on once it finally takes effect. 1,4-B itself can also contribute to the enzyme saturation, so, when alcohol and 1,4-B are consumed together, it produces a complex and somewhat unpredictable interaction between the varying levels of alcohol, 1,4-B and GHB present in the body. Alcohol also makes the GHB last longer in the body by competing for dehydrogenase enzymes, and hence delaying the conversion of GHB into succinate.

The other precursor GBL is rapidly converted into GHB by lactamase enzymes found in the blood. GBL is more lipophilic (fat soluble) than GHB, and so is absorbed faster and has higher bioavailability; the paradox is that this can mean that GBL has a faster onset of effects than GHB itself, even though it is a prodrug. The levels of lactamase enzyme can vary between individuals, and GBL is not active in its own right, so people who have never tried GBL before may have delayed or fewer effects than expected; however, once someone has taken GBL a few times, the production of lactamase enzymes is increased and he/she will feel the effects like normal.

Because of these pharmacokinetic differences, 1,4-B tends to be slightly less potent, slower to take effect but longer-acting than GHB, whereas GBL tends to be more potent and faster-acting than GHB, and has around the same duration.

Alcohol worsens both CNS depression and vomiting, so combining alcohol with GHB or its precursors can be particularly dangerous. Another factor to be considered is that people who drink alcohol regularly tend to induce expression of their dehydrogenase enzymes, and thus have higher levels of these enzymes than people that do not drink alcohol regularly; this means that regular alcohol drinkers will both convert 1,4-B into GHB more rapidly and also break down GHB into succinate faster than people that do not drink alcohol. This multitude of different factors can make the interactions between 1,4-B, GHB and alcohol very complicated and highly variable between different individuals.

Death while using GHB is most likely when it is combined with alcohol or other depressant drugs; however, as with all substances, an overdose of GHB alone may be lethal. A review of the details of 194 deaths attributed to or related to GHB over a ten-year period[39] found that most were from respiratory depression caused by interaction with alcohol or other drugs; several were from choking on vomit and asphyxiating; remaining causes of death included motor vehicle and other accidents. The review included 70 cases where high levels of GHB were found post-mortem without concomitant ingestion of other drugs or alcohol.

Determining conclusively whether someone's death was caused by GHB is very difficult because a lab test will always detect the presence of some GHB in the human body, and levels of GHB can vary in the same individual depending on what part of the body is tested. GHB is a naturally-occurring substance that is always present in everyone, but little research has been done on what levels are normal in what parts of the body at what times.

There have been no systematic studies into the effects of GHB if taken chronically in humans, and hence whether prolonged use of GHB causes any bodily harm remains unknown. A UK parliamentary committee commissioned report found the use of GHB to be less dangerous than tobacco and alcohol in social harms, physical harm and addiction.[40]

[8:20:27 PM] Psychic Gale St John says: Treatment of overdose

Overdose of GHB can be difficult to treat because of its multiple effects on the body.[41][42][4] GHB tends to cause rapid unconsciousness at doses above 3500 mg, with single doses over 7000 mg often causing life-threatening respiratory depression, and higher doses still can induce bradycardia and consequent heart failure. Because of the faster and more complete absorption of GBL relative to GHB, its dose-response curve is steeper, and overdoses of GBL tend to be more dangerous and problematic than overdoses involving only GHB or 1,4-B.

As well as causing these depressant effects, GHB overdose also often produces twitches or convulsions, especially when combined with stimulants such as amphetamines. Also GHB tends to cause nausea and vomiting, particularly when combined with alcohol; so a patient may be simultaneously unconscious, vomiting, and convulsing.

The most likely risk of death from GHB overdose is inhalation of vomit while unconscious. This risk can be minimised by laying the patient down in the recovery position. People are most likely to vomit as they become unconscious, and as they wake up. This is best managed in a hospital setting, but, if the patient is not in a hospital, it is very important that someone stays with the patient until he/she becomes fully unconscious, to keep the patient in the recovery position and to check how deeply unconscious the he/she becomes.

Then someone needs to stay with the patient in order to keep monitoring pulse and breathing rate. Finally, someone must stay with the patient until he fully wakes up. This is important, because people tend to become conscious enough to roll onto their backs just before they start to vomit again, but often while they are still too deeply unconscious to protect their own airway. This makes the period while people are waking up particularly dangerous.

Convulsions from GHB can be treated with diazepam or lorazepam, even though these are also CNS depressants they are GABAA agonists, whereas GHB is primarily a GABAB agonist, so the benzodiazepines do not worsen CNS depression as much as might be expected.

Most stimulants are not effective at counteracting the unconsciousness from GHB, but intravenous injection of cholinergic drugs such as arecoline, neostigmine, and physostigmine can quickly reverse the effects of the GHB and cause rapid awakening; this can be dangerous, however, as these drugs lower the convulsion threshold and so can make convulsions worse. For this reason, these drugs are seldom used in most countries, although, in France and Italy where there is a much longer history of medical use of GHB, physostigmine treatment for GHB overdose is more common.

The best treatment of a more serious GHB overdose is co-administration of lorazepam with physostigmine, and the dose of both drugs must be carefully titrated to avoid worsening either the CNS depression or the convulsions. Overdoses with larger quantities of GHB or more particularly GBL (generally 10,000mg or more) can stop both heart and breathing.

It can be very dangerous to look after someone who is unconscious as a result of drug overdose if the attending party does not have proper medical training. When an individual presents with a suspected GHB overdose and is unconscious, the first priority should be to check their pulse and breathing. If the patient is taking less than 8 breaths per minute, and if his/her pulse is less than 60 a minute (both numbers are for adults), then the appropriate course of action is call an ambulance. CPR must not be used while the patient is still breathing and has a heart beat as this may cause considerable damage.

A newer synthetic drug SCH-50911, which acts as a selective GABAB antagonist, quickly reverses GHB overdose in mice.[43] However this treatment has yet to be tried in humans, and it is unlikely that it will be researched for this purpose in humans due to the illegal and unethical nature of clinical trials of GHB, and the lack of medical indemnity coverage inherent in using an untested treatment for a life-threatening overdose

http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/local_news/stories/2008/07/02/body_found.ART_ART_07-02-08_B6_D2AL0AI.html?type=rss&cat=&sid=101

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I agree Gale, this is not Brian.

Brian

Brian this is the area we wanted to go on the night we were in Columbus.

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yes, want to go back?

Brian

7.5.2008 10:22 PM

7.7.2008

Can anyone get us a picture of Clint's and Meredith's vehicles?

Brian

7.19.2008

Brian's father has a fund raiser coming up next Saturday, if you would like to attend or donate please see below.

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Looking forwarding to it.

Brian

public case

8.6.2008